BIOLOGY

Subject abbreviation: BIOL  

Clay A. Sassaman, Ph.D., Chair

Department Office, 1208 Spieth Hall

Professors:

Mark A. Chappell, Ph.D.

Leah T. Haimo, Ph.D.

Bradley C. Hyman, Ph.D.

Leonard P. Nunney, Ph.D.

Edward G. Platzer, Ph.D.
(Biology and Nematology)

Mary V. Price, Ph.D.

David N. Reznick, Ph.D.

John T. Rotenberry, Ph.D.

Clay A. Sassaman, Ph.D.

Vaughan H. Shoemaker, Ph.D.

Daniel S. Straus, Ph.D.
(Biology and Biomedical Sciences)

Prudence Talbot, Ph.D.

Nickolas M. Waser, Ph.D.

Raphael Zidovetzki, Ph.D.
(Biology and Neuroscience)

Marlene Zuk, Ph.D.

Professors Emeriti:

William L. Belser, Ph.D.

Carlton R. Bovell, Ph.D.

Lars H. Carpelan, Ph.D.

Kenneth W. Cooper, Ph.D.

Wilbur W. Mayhew, Ph.D.

John A. Moore, Ph.D.

Eric T. Pengelley, Ph.D.

Rodolfo Ruibal, Ph.D.

Irwin W. Sherman, Ph.D.

Associate Professors:

Katharine D. Atkinson, Ph.D.

Richard A. Cardullo, Ph.D.

Roger D. Farley, Ph.D.

Mark S. Springer, Ph.D.

Assistant Professors:

Kimberly A. Hammond, Ph.D.

Manuela Martins-Green, Ph.D.

Dmitri Maslov, Ph.D.

Walter H. Metzner, Ph.D.

**

Adjunct Assistant Professors:

Michael P. Hamilton, Ph.D.

Francis A. Muth, Ph.D.

Lecturer:

Tracy L. Kahn, Ph.D.

MAJOR  

The Department of Biology offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in Biology. Both programs are based on the conviction that broad undergraduate training in biology and the physical sciences, together with study in the humanities and social sciences are fundamental to the education of a biologist. In addition to English composition, humanities, social sciences, mathematics, chemistry, and physics, both degrees require three introductory biology courses (BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, and BIOL 005C) and 36 units of upper-division (numbered 100-199) biology courses. The degrees differ only in that 16 units of a foreign language are required for the B.A., whereas the B.S. requires 16 additional units in substantive courses in biology or in related fields.

The research and teaching of the Department includes the different levels of biological organization: cellular, developmental, physiological, organismal, ecological, and populational. An overview of processes at all these levels is presented in the introductory courses (BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, and BIOL 005C), and emphasis is placed on the unifying principles of the discipline.

Because of the diversity within biology and the wide range of career options, considerable latitude is allowed in selecting upper-division biology courses for the 36 units required for the major. Each student meets regularly with a faculty advisor (see Student Counseling below) to plan an academic program and select courses to prepare for postgraduate study or specific career objectives. Recommended programs of specialization are provided below as a guide in course selection.

Ordinarily, most of the 36 upper-division units required for the Biology major are selected from courses offered by the Department of Biology. With advisor's approval, one or two courses in other departments (e.g., Biochemistry, Botany and Plant Sciences, Entomology) may be counted as biology courses in meeting upper-division unit requirements. Qualified undergraduates (GPA 3.0 or above) may participate in graduate biology courses by enrolling in BIOL 191. Consent of the instructor and faculty advisor is required, and up to four units of BIOL 191 (with letter grade) may be included in the major.

Those who choose to obtain a B.S. degree have as a College breadth requirement an additional 16 units in upper-division biology courses and/or substantive courses in a field or fields related to the major. The purpose of this related area is to add strength and breadth to the major and to meet specific requirements for postgraduate study or a chosen career. These courses are selected with the assistance and approval of a faculty advisor. The substantive courses in fields related to the major may be lower- or upper-division, but they usually have science or mathematics prerequisites (e.g., CHEM 005, BCH 100, STAT 100A-STAT 100B, NRSC 120/PSYC 120, MATH 009C).

DEGREE REQUIREMENTS  

UNIVERSITY REQUIREMENTS

General University requirements are those which all undergraduates must satisfy. See the Undergraduate Studies section for a complete listing.

COLLEGE REQUIREMENTS

Students must fulfill all breadth requirements of the College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. See Degree Requirements under College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences in the Undergraduate Studies section of this catalog.

MAJOR REQUIREMENTS

Some of the following requirements for the major may also fulfill the College's breadth requirements. Consult with a department advisor for course planning.

1. Life sciences core curriculum (65-69 units)

• a) BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C
• b) CHEM 001A-CHEM 001B-CHEM 001C
• c) CHEM 112A-CHEM 112B-CHEM 112C
• d) MATH 009A-MATH 009B
• e) PHYS 002A, PHYS 002B, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LA-PHYS 02LB-PHYS 02LC
• f) One course from STAT 020, STAT 100A, STAT 105, or STAT 120A
• g) One course from BCH 100 or BCH 110A

The core curriculum must be completed with a grade point average of 2.0 or better and no grade lower than "C-." If a grade of D or F is received in two core curriculum courses, either in separate courses or repetitions of the same course, the student will not be permitted to continue in the major.

2. Upper-division requirements (36 units)

• a) BIOL 102
• b) Thirty-two (32) additional Biology units to be taken in consultation with a faculty advisor

3. Other requirements

For the Bachelor of Arts only (0-16 units):
The foreign language requirement may be fulfilled by completing level four or the demonstration of equivalent proficiency in one foreign language.

For the Bachelor of Science only (16 units):
An additional 16 units in upper-division biology courses and/or substantive courses in a field or fields related to the major.

PROGRAMS OF SPECIALIZATION

Suggested programs are described below for students preparing for careers in the medical professions (including dentistry and veterinary medicine), laboratory technology, the allied health professions, and teaching. Additional courses of study are provided for those interested in various biological fields (cell and molecular biology, molecular genetics, organismal genetics, zoology and physiology, and ecology and population biology). These programs meet most of the requirements for admission to corresponding professional schools and graduate programs.

In some cases a course of study differing substantially from the examples given below will best meet the needs of the student. In consultation with a faculty advisor, a student may prepare a program in other biological specializations such as microbiology, behavior, anatomy or developmental biology.

Students interested in any health related fields should seek information from Career Services (Veitch Student Center) before developing a plan of study.

MEDICAL PROFESSIONS

BIOL 102, BIOL 161A-BIOL 161B, BIOL 167; CHEM 005.

Professional schools for medicine, veterinary medicine, osteopathic medicine, dentistry, podiatry, optometry and pharmacy commonly require for admission one or two years of college-level biology/zoology course work without specifying the exact courses. Some schools, however, do require certain courses, and often specific courses are highly recommended. Information about these requirements and required admission tests (MCAT, DAT, VAT, OCAT, PCAT), can be obtained from Career Services (Veitch Student Center).

A national organization for each medical profession publishes admissions requirements for each school in that profession. The Medical School Admissions Requirements publication is usually available in the UCR Bookstore. Publications that outline requirements for other professional schools may be ordered in the bookstore, and they are available in Career Services (Veitch Student Center).

The most commonly recommended courses for medical school are developmental biology, genetics, cell biology and vertebrate zoology. Most medical, dental and veterinary medical schools require that physics and other science courses be taken with laboratory. Some dental schools require one or two courses in psychology (e.g., PSYC 001, PSYC 002) and principles of management (e.g., BSAD 010). UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine requires a course in statistics (e.g., STAT 100A), genetics (e.g., BIOL 102), and embryology (e.g., BIOL 167).

Some medical schools recommend that when science or mathematics courses are offered at two different levels, premedical students should take the more rigorous option. On the other hand, it is better to do well in the less rigorous option than to do poorly in the more difficult one. Some medical schools also recommend physical chemistry (e.g., CHEM 109), one year of college-level mathematics (e.g., MATH 005, MATH 009A-MATH 009B or MATH 009A-MATH 009B-MATH 009C), biochemistry (e.g., BCH 100) and statistics (e.g., STAT 100A-STAT 100B). Medical schools usually do not offer substantive instruction in parasitology, so students are advised to consider including BIOL 157 as part of the undergraduate program.

The Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT), Dental Admissions Test (DAT), and tests for other health professions are commonly taken in the spring of the junior year, so chemistry, physics, mathematics and some upper-division biology courses (genetics, anatomy, embryology, cell biology) should usually be completed during the first three years.

LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

Students who plan to apply to a laboratory technology school must obtain a Clinical Laboratory Technology Trainee license, which certifies that they have completed the required courses for admission to a training program. In addition to the lower- and upper-division courses required for the Biology major, the following courses are required by the California State Department of Health for a trainee license in Clinical Laboratory Science: BIOL 121A, BIOL 121L, BIOL 121B, BIOL 128, BIOL 171, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, CHEM 005, and hematology. Students should inquire at the Student Affairs Office concerning hematology, since a separate course is not available at UCR. For admission to training laboratories approved by the American Medical Association, there is an additional requirement of one year of organic chemistry. Parasitology (BIOL 157) and statistics are strongly recommended (e.g., STAT 100A-STAT 100B).

The Department of Biology recommends the following courses to strengthen preparation for a medical technology career: BIOL 107 and BIOL 111.

Career Services staff (Veitch Student Center) can provide information about laboratory technology schools. For current information regarding requirements for clinical training and applications for the Clinical Laboratory Scientist Trainee license (required for admission to any laboratory technology program), the student should call (510) 873-6327, or write: State of California Department of Health, Laboratory Field Services, 2151 Berkeley Way, Annex 12, Berkeley, California 94704.

ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONS

BIOL 102, BIOL 121A, BIOL 121L, BIOL 161A-BIOL 161B, BIOL 171, BCH 100.

Students at UCR can take some of the course work preparatory for careers in nursing, physical therapy, dental hygiene, and physician's assistant. In some programs such as physical therapy, nursing and dental hygiene, the student may complete two or three years here and then transfer to a professional school offering more specialized training and course work for the baccalaureate degree. In dental hygiene and nursing, the student may wish to obtain a bachelor's degree here in Biology and then continue at a professional school for specialized training. For information about these alternatives and the specific requirements of various schools, students should seek information from Career Services (Veitch Student Center).

Physical Therapy programs are currently in transition toward becoming graduate programs only. Practical work experience is required for admission to physical therapy and physician's assistant programs (see Internships below). Most professional schools require that science courses be taken with lab where possible.

The lower-division requirements for the Biology major prepare students to take the specific upper-division courses required for admission to the professional schools in the allied health area. Not all the courses listed above are required by each type of professional school. A course in nutrition is usually required by nursing schools. This can probably be met by BCH 010 (Introduction to Nutrition). Students wishing to obtain their degree in biology at UCR before transferring should select additional upper-division course work in biology and related fields appropriate for the career objective.

TEACHING CREDENTIAL

Teachers in the public schools of California must be certified by the State Commission on Teacher Credentialing. The credential requires an undergraduate major, baccalaureate degree, and completion of a graduate credential program such as that offered by the School of Education at UCR. The latter usually requires three quarters and includes education courses and supervised teaching.

Before admission and student teaching in a graduate credential program, the candidate must pass the California Basic Education Skills Test (CBEST) and demonstrate subject-matter proficiency in the fields which the candidate will teach. The candidate can demonstrate proficiency either by passing the Commission's subject-matter assessment examination, or, preferably, by completion of an undergraduate program that is state-approved for teacher preparation.

UCR has an approved undergraduate program for Biology majors who plan to get a Multiple-subject Credential and teach in the elementary (K-6) grades. A breadth of course work is necessary, in addition to those required for the major. Students are urged to start early, preferably as freshmen, selecting courses most helpful for this career.

UCR does not yet have a state-approved undergraduate program for Biology majors who wish to teach at the secondary level. The Teaching Credential in Science, biology emphasis, is required for biology teachers, grades 7-12. Students who plan to get this credential must take the Commission's subject-matter assessment examination and should make certain their academic program includes preparatory course work. The examination includes biology in depth and general science with introductory, college-level biology, chemistry, physics, and geoscience (geology, meteorology, oceanography, astronomy). The intent is that candidates for the Teaching Credential in Science are prepared to teach unifying themes and principles in general and specialized science courses.

There are other credential options (CLAD, BCLAD) and requirements that may be completed during the undergraduate years. Requirements include knowledge of the U.S. Constitution and courses in health (PED 044), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (e.g., PED 021), and mainstreaming (EDUC 116). Further information is provided in orientation meetings, the Student Affairs Office (1216 Spieth Hall), and the School of Education (1215 Sproul Hall).

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

BIOL 102, BIOL 105, BIOL 107, BIOL 109, BIOL 111, BIOL 121A/MCBL 121A, BIOL 121B/MCBL 121B, BIOL 121L/ MCBL 121L, BIOL 128, BIOL 150/ENTX 150, BIOL 155/BPSC 155, BCH 100 or BCH 110A-BCH 110B-BCH 110C, BCH 102, CHEM 005, CHEM 109, STAT 100A-STAT 100B or STAT 120A-STAT 120B.

MOLECULAR GENETICS

BIOL 102, BIOL 107, BIOL 109, BIOL 115, BIOL 121A/MCBL 121A, BIOL 121L/ MCBL 121L, BIOL 128, BIOL 150/ENTX 150, BIOL 155/BPSC 155, BCH 185/BPSC 185.

ORGANISMAL GENETICS

BIOL 102, BIOL 105, BIOL 107, BIOL 108, BIOL 115, BIOL 150/ENTX 150, BIOL 155/ BPSC 155, BIOL 169, BCH 185/BPSC 185.

ZOOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

BIOL 102, BIOL 105, BIOL 111, BIOL 151, BIOL 160, BIOL 161A-BIOL 161B, BIOL 167, BIOL 175, BIOL 176, BCH 100. Students are also encouraged to take laboratory courses (e.g., BCH 102, BIOL 175L, BIOL 176L)

Also recommended: BIOL 157, a course in ecology (e.g., BIOL 117 or BIOL 127/ ENTM 127), BIOL 100/ENTM 100, BIOL 173, STAT 100A-STAT 100B.

ECOLOGY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY

BIOL 102, BIOL 105, BIOL 108, BIOL 117, BIOL 118, BIOL 130/BPSC 130, BIOL 160, either BIOL 175, BIOL 175L or BIOL 143/ BPSC 143, MATH 009A-MATH 009B-MATH 009C, either STAT 120A-STAT 120B or STAT 100A-STAT 100B.

Also recommended: BIOL 151, BIOL 161A, BIOL 163, BPSC 146, MATH 046.

PREPARATION FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL

The specializations presented above are appropriate as preparation for those planning to attend graduate school for advanced degrees. The faculty advisor will assist in selecting combinations of courses appropriate for advanced study in the fields listed above and others. Students considering graduate study are encouraged to gain competence in at least one foreign language. Undergraduate research and courses in computer science and statistics should also be considered.

The various campuses and departments of the University of California set their own requirements for admission to graduate school, but students should expect that at least a "B" average is required to be eligible for consideration. Higher levels are usually necessary for applicants to be competitive for most programs. Letters of recommendation, undergraduate research and results on the Graduate Record Examination are also considered. A minimum GPA of 2.50 in the last 60 units of undergraduate course work is necessary to be eligible for admission to master's degree programs in the California State University system, but campuses and departments usually have additional or higher requirements.

TRANSFER STUDENTS MAJORING IN BIOLOGY

Students planning to transfer to UCR can facilitate the transfer by careful selection of courses. Due to the academic demands of the Biology curriculum, only those applicants who meet the transfer admissions criteria will be admitted to the Biology major. The criteria are met by completion of the following one-year sequences with a minimum grade of "C" in each course:

1. General chemistry with laboratory, equivalent to CHEM 001A-CHEM 001B-CHEM 001C

2. Two of the following three sequences:

• a) General biology, equivalent to BIOL 005A and BIOL 005B (cell and molecular biology, and organismal biology)
• b) First-year calculus, equivalent to MATH 009A-MATH 009B-MATH 009C
• c) English composition, equivalent to ENGL 001A-ENGL 001B-ENGL 001C

If time permits, students are strongly encouraged to complete courses comparable to the remaining required science course work: one year of organic chemistry with laboratory (for which a one-year general chemistry series is a prerequisite), and one year of physics with laboratory (calculus-based physics). Partial satisfaction of the breadth requirements (e.g., humanities and social sciences) will also accelerate the student's progress.

In order to integrate transfer credits with a program of study at UCR, it is important that all new transfer students consult with a faculty advisor before or early in their first quarter on campus (see Student Counseling below).

Prospective UCR students are welcome to discuss their past and future academic program with a faculty advisor. Call the Student Affairs Office (909) 787-3579 to arrange an appointment.

FULL OR PART-TIME STUDY

Students majoring in Biology ordinarily enroll full time in 12 to 18 units of course work each quarter. Advisor's approval is required for exceptions. Students who are unable to enroll full time because of health, family responsibilities or outside employment may apply to the College Office (1140 Batchelor Hall) for permission to enroll part-time. Documentation of hours of employment is required. Part-time students may take no more than 10 units in one quarter, and they receive a 50 percent reduction in the Educational Fee for that quarter.

GRADING BASIS

Students are required to enroll for letter grade credit in science and mathematics courses used to satisfy major requirements. Science and mathematics courses counted as electives may be taken on a Satisfactory/No Credit basis. Nonscience courses such as those in humanities and social sciences may also be taken S/NC.

English and foreign language courses may be taken S/NC, but this is not recommended. English composition is so basic and important that students should aim for excellence rather than a satisfactory level of achievement. Since language courses are often taken in series, progress is cumulative, and students may fall behind if only a satisfactory level is attempted in early courses in the sequence.

For policies on S/NC grading, see the Academic Regulations section of this Catalog.

STUDENT COUNSELING

The Department of Biology maintains a Student Affairs Office for use by undergraduate Biology majors. Petitions and other related business requiring an advisor's signature or approval should be routed through the Student Affairs Office. The Office is open from 9:00 a.m. to noon and 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. The Office is located in 1216 Spieth Hall. Telephone (909) 787-3579.

The Department of Biology requires that each new freshman and transfer student consult with a faculty advisor before or during the first quarter at UCR. After that initial conference to review transfer credits and plan a program of study, the student may visit the Student Affairs Office to speak with an advisor as needed.

The Department recommends that each student meet with a faculty advisor at least once each year to review progress, clarify career objectives and revise the program of study so it is commensurate with the developing interests and objectives of the student.

INDEPENDENT STUDY AND RESEARCH

The Department of Biology offers courses in which students can enroll to do independent laboratory research or an in-depth library study of a topic of special interest.

Students desiring to do Independent Reading (BIOL 194), Introduction to Research (BIOL 197) or Junior/Senior Research (BIOL 199) should consult with a professor who is willing to supervise the project. The student may suggest a specific question or formulate a project after consultation with the instructor. The Student Affairs Office staff (1216 Spieth Hall) can provide information about the research fields of the professors.

To enroll in these courses, the student must obtain an application form from the Student Affairs Office. Instructions for writing a brief description of the proposed project are provided with the form. The completed application, signed by the professor in charge of the project, is submitted to the Student Affairs Office preferably before the first day of the quarter, but no later than the end of the second week of the quarter.

Applicants for BIOL 194 and BIOL 199 should ordinarily be juniors or seniors with a GPA of 3.00 or higher. Sophomore students with a GPA of 3.00 or higher may apply to enroll in BIOL 197 (Introduction to Research), since the purpose of this course is to enable the student to do preliminary reading and laboratory research to explore with the professor the feasibility of undertaking a project for later enrollment in BIOL 199. Enrollment in BIOL 197 is not required before enrollment in BIOL 199, but the former course is available for those situations where preliminary work will be helpful.

For BIOL 194 and BIOL 199, a report of the library study or laboratory results for the quarter is written by the student, reviewed by the sponsoring professor, and submitted to the Student Affairs Office by the last day of instruction of the quarter.

BIOL 194, BIOL 197 and BIOL 199 are graded S/NC, and up to 9 units of credit may be counted as part of the 16 substantive units related to the major for the B.S. degree.

INTERNSHIPS

Internships provide students with practical, part-time work experiences in conjunction with their academic studies. The internships are designed to relate a student's academic preparation in the major with professional work at the entry level in community businesses and organizations. They can be one or more quarters in duration. For more information or to arrange an internship, see the Internship Coordinator in Career Services (Veitch Student Center).

As much as possible, the internships are arranged to accommodate the student's specific interests. Those majoring in Biology commonly work in local hospitals, clinics, museums and medical research laboratories. Some students do internships in health administration, environmental planning and natural resource management. Those considering high school teaching as a possible career can work as a tutor or teacher's assistant in local high schools.

Students majoring in Biology are welcome to participate in the internship program, but they are not paid for this work, and the Department of Biology does not give academic credit for internships. Students frequently find internships helpful in investigating a possible career, and some experience in the work environment is helpful or required for admission to professional and technical training schools.

NATURAL RESERVE SYSTEM

This system was formed by the University of California in 1965 to preserve for study a series of undisturbed natural areas representing the state's vast ecological diversity. Since then the system has grown to include twenty-seven reserves, eight of them administered by the UCR Committee of the Natural Reserve System. The reserves administered by the Riverside campus are described in the Special Study Resources and Facilities section of this catalog.

Most of the reserves are undeveloped except for fencing, roads and trails, but laboratory facilities, housing and campgrounds for class use are available at some sites. The reserves are used as outdoor classrooms and laboratories by students, teachers and researchers from educational institutions, public and private, throughout the state, across the nation and around the world. Some of the courses offered by the UCR Department of Biology include field trips and overnight camping trips to the reserves. In the field, students are introduced to the great diversity of plant and animal organisms in Southern California, and to the effect of environmental factors on this diversity.

Undergraduate and graduate students who wish to use the reserves in their individual research projects should contact Dr. John T. Rotenberry, Department of Biology (3372 Spieth Hall, 909-787-3953) to obtain an application, map and list of rules and regulations.

GRADUATE PROGRAM  

The Department of Biology offers programs leading to the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in Biology with specializations in Cell and Molecular Biology, Evolutionary Biology, and Physiology. The University requires that domestic applicants to graduate status must supply Graduate Record Examination scores for the General Tests (verbal, quantitative and analytical) before they can be admitted. The Department of Biology also requires submission of the Subject Test score.

All graduate students entering the Department of Biology meet with a guidance committee during the first quarter of enrollment so that their educational background can be assessed. Considering the student's specialization, the committee recommends a program of study to be followed in pursuit of graduate work. Because of the diversity among the specializations, course requirements for advanced degrees are specified by the student's guidance committee in accordance with the specific requirements of each specialization.

MASTER'S DEGREE

To qualify for the master's degree in Biology, candidates must meet the minimal requirements of the Thesis Plan and the requirements of the Department of Biology. These requirements are

Thirty-six (36) quarter units of approved courses in the 100 or 200 series, of which at least 24 units must be in 200 series courses in the biological sciences (students in the Cell and Molecular track must take BIOL 200A-BIOL 200B). Not more than 12 units of BIOL 299 may be applied to the degree. A minimum of 12 units of course work other than courses in the 290 series must be completed in fulfillment of the requirement for 24 units of graduate courses. Preparation and presentation of an acceptable thesis and a final oral examination in defense of the thesis are required of every candidate for the degree.

DOCTORAL DEGREE

In addition to the general requirements of the Graduate Division, students intending to become candidates for the Ph.D. degree in Biology must pass a written examination in their special field of interest not later than the end of the second year of residence. Course requirements are determined by the guidance committee in consultation with the student. Candidates for the Ph.D. are required to have at least one year of approved teaching experience.

The normative time to the Ph.D. degree is 18 quarters.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR GRADUATE STUDY IN NEUROSCIENCE

Faculty from the Department of Biology also participate in a unique graduate specialization in Neuroscience which draws on the strengths of distinguished scientists from several units. For further information concerning work in this area, see Neuroscience Graduate Study in the Curricula and Courses section of this catalog.

LOWER-DIVISION COURSES  

BIOL 002.
Cellular Basis of Life. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): none. An introduction to the fundamentals of life processes at the cellular level. Topics include cell structure, chemical composition, metabolism, reproduction, genetics, and development with emphasis on humans. Either BIOL 002 or BIOL 003 may be taken as a breadth requirement in biology; together they provide a general introduction to the field of biology. Not recommended for natural science majors. Credit is not allowed for both BIOL 002 and BIOL 005A.

BIOL 003.
Organisms in Their Environment. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): none. An introduction to the physiology, ecology, and evolution of living organisms with emphasis on humans. Either BIOL 002 or BIOL 003 may be taken as a breadth requirement in biology; together they provide a general introduction to the field of biology. Not recommended for natural science majors. Credit is not allowed for both BIOL 003 and BIOL 005B.

BIOL 005A.
Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): CHEM 001A (may be taken concurrently); consent of instructor is required for students repeating the course. An intensive course designed to prepare students for upper-division courses in cell and molecular biology. Covers biochemical, structural, metabolic, and genetic aspects of cells. (Required for Biology majors; recommended for science majors desiring an introduction to biology.) Credit is not awarded for both BIOL 002 and BIOL 005A.

BIOL 005B.
Introduction to Organismal Biology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A with a grade of "C-" or better; CHEM 001A-CHEM 001B (CHEM 001B may be taken concurrently); consent of instructor is required for students repeating the course. An intensive course designed to prepare the students for upper-division courses inorganismal biology. Covers developmental biology, physiology, and regulation at the level of the organism. (Required for biology majors; recommended for science majors desiring an introduction to biology.) Credit is not awarded for both BIOL 003 and BIOL 005B.

BIOL 005C.
Introductory Evolution and Ecology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A and BIOL 005B (or BIOL 002 and BIOL 003 for non-Biology majors) with grades of "C-" or better; MATH 009A or equivalent (may be taken concurrently); consent of instructor is required for students repeating the course. An intensive course designed to introduce the student to the subjects of evolution and ecology. Covers population dynamics, community ecology, population genetics, and evolutionary theory. (Required for Biology majors; recommended for science majors desiring an introduction to biology.) Students who take BIOL 002 and BIOL 003 as part of another major, or those who take equivalent first-year biology at another institution, may enter directly into BIOL 005C without critical handicap.

BIOL 010.
Headlines in the History of Life. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): none. Evolution of life beginning with precellular life. Topics include the origin of sex; multicellularity; vertebrate classes; morphological specializations; adaptive radiations; extinction dynamics; and the biology of dinosaurs. Cross-listed with GEO 003.

BIOL 030.
Human Reproduction and Sexual Behavior. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. A consideration of human anatomy, physiology and behavior as related to sexual reproduction, including discussion of fertility, pregnancy, childbirth and birth control. Consideration will also be given to homosexuality, venereal diseases, sex education, sexual intercourse and response.

BIOL 034.
Human Heredity and Evolution. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; audio-visual aids, one hour. Basic human genetics and evolution, emphasizing their relationship to physical and emotional health. Political, philosophical and ethical implications of human heredity and evolution. Credit is awarded for only one of BIOL 034 or BIOL 034H.

BIOL 034H.
Honors Human Heredity and Evolution. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): admission to the University Honors Program or consent of instructor. Honors course corresponding to BIOL 034. Designed for nonmajors. Basic human genetics and evolution. Discussion involves in-depth examination of important contemporary issues in human genetics. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available. Credit is awarded for only one of BIOL 034 or BIOL 034H.

BIOL 040.
Disease and History: From the Bubonic Plague to AIDS. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): none. This lecture course for nonscience majors will deal with the natural history of infectious diseases and how plagues have influenced the course of human history. It will cover the biology, pathology, epidemiology, and immunology of viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites causing smallpox, yellow fever, influenza, AIDS, syphilis, bubonic plague, tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, and African sleeping sickness. The role of scientific inquiry in the conquest of human disease will be emphasized.

BIOL 063.
Natural History of Vertebrates. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): none. An introduction to the biology of vertebrate animals (primarily terrestrial). Topics will include some aspects of the systematics, distribution, morphology, behavior and ecology of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The course is open only to non-biology majors.

UPPER-DIVISION COURSES

BIOL 100.
General Entomology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL005B, BIOL005C, or equivalents; or consent of instructor. Introductory study of insects, Earth's most diverse group of animals (75 percent of animal species are insects). Lecture covers the anatomy, physiology, ecology, behavior, and diversity of insects. Laboratory focuses on insect identification. Cross-listed with ENTM 100.

BIOL 102.
Introductory Genetics. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A and BIOL 005B with grades of "C-" or better. An introductory course, including classical Mendelian genetics, linkage and recombination, sex-linked traits, cytogenetics, developmental genetics, and molecular genetics. Also includes some probability theory and statistics.

BIOL 105.
Evolution. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, BIOL 102, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics; or consent of instructor. Causal interpretation of organic diversity and adaptation. Topics include inference of evolutionary change from the fossil record and from genomic and molecular patterns; microevolution and macroevolution; systematics and the species problem; and natural selection, drift, and other forces of evolution.

BIOL 107.
Molecular Biology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A. The study of the structure and function of the genetic material, including DNA structure, DNA replication and recombination, regulation of gene expression, and protein synthesis. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems are examined, including contemporary recombinant DNA technology and applications of molecular cloning procedures.

BIOL 108.
Introductory Population Genetics. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion and demonstration, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics. A study of the factors influencing the genetic structure of natural populations. Topics discussed include the neutralist versus selectionist debate, molecular evolution, ecological genetics, and quantitative genetics.

BIOL 109.
Laboratory in Cell and Molecular Biology. (5)

Lecture, one hour; discussion, one hour; laboratory, nine hours. Prerequisite(s): BCH 110C or BIOL 107; BIOL 111; consent of instructor. An experimental, integrative approach to contemporary cell and molecular biology techniques. Experiments include immunolocalization, isolation of cellular proteins and nucleic acids, electrophoretic analysis and immunoblotting, enzymatic manipulation of DNA in vitro, molecular cloning, and gene expression. Credit is awarded for only one of BCH 153/BIOL 153/BPSC 153 or BIOL 109.

BIOL 110.
Biology of Human Problems. (4)

Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics; or consent of instructor. Devoted to selected human problems that have a large biological component and that relate to medicine, ethics, and human existence. Topics covered vary from year to year and include issues of major bioethical importance such as euthanasia, national health care, effects of industrial pollution on individuals and communities, population problems, abortion, and genetic engineering. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC).

BIOL 111.
Cell Biology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A (BCH 100 or BCH 110A may be taken concurrently). An examination of the organization, ultrastructure, function, and biochemistry of the organelles and macromolecular components of the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

BIOL 112.
Systematics. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005C or equivalent. Principles and philosophy of classification: phylogenetic and phenetic methods, species concepts, taxonomic characters, evolution, hierarchy of categories, and nomenclature. Cross-listed with BPSC 112 and ENTM 112.

BIOL 115.
Human Genetics. (3)

Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BCH 110A-BCH 110B, BCH 110C or BIOL 107 (may be taken concurrently), STAT 105 or equivalent, BIOL 121A; or third-year standing in the Biomedical Sciences Program; or consent of instructor. An introduction to human genetics. Topics include human gene organization and expression, chromosome structure, karyotyping, chromosomal aberrations, sex determination and sex chromosome abnormalities, patterns of single gene inheritance, linkage analysis, human gene mapping, inborn errors in metabolism, human population genetics, polymorphic cell surface antigens, multifactorial inheritance, genetics of cancer, prenatal diagnosis, uses of recombinant DNA technology in medical genetics.

BIOL 117.
Introductory Population and Community Ecology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics; or consent of instructor. Factors governing the distribution and abundance of organisms. Topics include population dynamics, population interactions, the nature and organization of communities, and the role of biotic interactions in evolutionary change. Credit is awarded for only one of BIOL 117 or BIOL 127/ENTM 127.

BIOL 118.
Field Course in Evolutionary Ecology. (4)

Lecture, one hour; discussion, one hour; field, eight hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, BIOL 117 or equivalent, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics; consent of instructor; BIOL 163 recommended. A series of field exercises related to topics of current interest in evolutionary ecology. Topics include the effects of competition, predation, and mutualism on populations and communities; and theories of optimal behavior, morphology, and life history. Emphasis placed on the design, execution, and analysis of field experiments. Credit is awarded for only one of BIOL 118 or BIOL 164B.

BIOL 120.
Introduction to Plant Pathology. (3)

Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B; BIOL 121A/MCBL 121A and BIOL 121B/ MCBL 121B recommended. An introduction to the study of plant diseases. Topics include diseases and disease-causing agents, host-pathogen interaction during disease development, and strategies for disease management. An optional, separate laboratory is offered. Cross-listed with MCBL 120 and PLPA 120.

BIOL 120L.
Introduction to Plant Pathology Laboratory. (1)

Laboratory, four hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B; concurrent enrollment in BIOL 120/MCBL 120/PLPA 120 or consent of instructor; BIOL 121A/ MCBL 121A and BIOL 121B/MCBL 121B recommended. Fundamentals in the use of laboratory instruments and techniques for the detection, isolation, and identification of representative infectious agents that cause disease in plants. Cross-listed with MCBL 120L and PLPA 120L.

BIOL 121A.
Microbiology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB; or consent of instructor. An intensive introduction to the fundamental physiology and molecular biology of bacteria and viruses. Covers evolutionary origins of metabolic diversity, bacterial and viral molecular genetics, and an introduction to microbial pathogenesis. Cross-listed with MCBL 121A.

BIOL 121B.
Microbiology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB; or consent of instructor. An intensive introduction to the fundamental physiology and molecular biology of bacteria and viruses. Covers research strategies for examining microbial pathogenic mechanisms. Cross-listed with MCBL 121B.

BIOL 121L.
Microbiology Laboratory. (3)

Lecture, one hour; laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 121A/MCBL 121A with a grade of "C-" or better. Laboratory exercises in diagnostic bacteriology, basic virology, and epidemiology. Includes fundamental quantitative and diagnostic microbiological procedures, basic mechanisms of microbial genetic exchange, and a project examining bacterial epidemiology. Cross-listed with MCBL 121L.

BIOL 123.
Introduction to Comparative Virology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BCH 110A-BCH 110B (BCH 110B may be taken concurrently); BIOL 107 or BIOL 121A (BIOL 107 or BIOL 121A may be taken concurrently); or consent of instructor. Considers viruses as infectious agents of bacteria, plants, and animals (vertebrates and invertebrates). Compares the major groups of viruses to each other with respect to their biological and biochemical properties, molecular and genetic characteristics, and modes of replication. Cross-listed with MCBL 123 and PLPA 123.

BIOL 127.
Insect Ecology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005C or consent of instructor. Principles of insect ecology. Topics, with examples emphasizing the Arthropoda, include factors governing population growth; ecological and evolutionary interactions with hosts, competitors, and natural enemies; structure of ecological communities; and adaptations to different environments. Credit is not allowed for both BIOL 117 and BIOL 127/ENTM 127. Cross-listed with ENTM 127.

BIOL 128.
Immunology. (3)

Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics. A study of humoral and cellular immunology. Topics include lymphoid systems, cells, antigens, antibodies, antibody formation, cellular immunity, and tumor and transplantation immunology. Diseases and altered immune states are presented associated with each topic are discussed in detail.

BIOL 130.
General Botany. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C; BCH 100 or BCH 110A- BCH 110B-BCH 110C; MATH 009A-MATH 009B; PHYS 002A, PHYS 002B; STAT 020 or STAT 100A or equivalent; or consent of instructor. Plants as functional organisms. Includes a brief survey of plants and plant-like organisms; then focuses on flowering plants as a model system in which to define plants, to understand their structure, function, reproduction, and evolution, and to define their role in nature. Cross-listed with BPSC 130.

BIOL 132.
Plant Anatomy. (5)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A and BIOL 005B, or consent of instructor. Functional and developmental aspects of plant cell, tissue, and organ structure. All aspects of the flowering plant life cycle are covered from germination to pollination and fruit and seed development. Cross-listed with BPSC 132.

BIOL 134.
Biology of Plant Fungi. (4)

Lecture, two hours; laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, or equivalents. Introduction to the morphology, taxonomy, genetics, physiology, ecology, and economic importance of the major groups of the fungi. Cross-listed with PLPA 134.

BIOL 138.
Morphology of Vascular Plants. (4)

Lecture, two hours; laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, and BIOL 005C; or consent of instructor. Comparative morphology and evolution of vascular plants studied from the viewpoint of both fossil and living representatives and a with a focus on the Angiosperms. Cross-listed with BPSC 138.

BIOL 143.
Plant Physiology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BPSC 130 or BIOL 130, CHEM 112A-CHEM 112B-CHEM 112C or equivalents; or consent of instructor. A survey of the fundamental principles of plant physiology, including photosynthesis, respiration, water relations, mineral nutrition, growth, morphogenesis, plant hormones, dormancy and senescence. Cross-listed with BPSC 143.

BIOL 150.
Cancer Biology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BCH 110C or BIOL 107; BIOL 111 is recommended (may be taken concurrently). The origin, development, and treatment of cancer are explored with emphasis on molecular mechanisms. Topics such as oncogenes, tumor suppressors, cell cycle and differentiation, AIDS, and hereditary and environmental factors in the development of cancer are covered. Cross-listed with ENTX 150.

BIOL 151.
Invertebrate Zoology. (5)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, PHYS 002A with grades of "C-" or better. Structure, classification, and biology of the invertebrates.

BIOL 152.
Principles of Invertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoecology. (4)

Lecture, two hours; laboratory, three hours; three one-day field trips. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 010/GEO 003 or BIOL 005C. Topics include evolution and the fossil record; paleoecology; classification theory; the nature of adaptive radiations; extinctions. Cross-listed with GEO 152.

BIOL 153.
Plant Biotechnology. (4)

Lecture, one hour; discussion, one hour; laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 107 or BCH 110C; upper-division standing. Modern techniques in plant genome modification including nucleic acid cloning and sequencing, plant tissue culture and genetic transformation, controlled-environment plant growth, gene mapping, and germplasm collections. History of plant biotechnology; economic, agricultural, nutritional, medicinal, and societal relevance; and regulatory issues. Cross-listed with BCH 153 and BPSC 153. Credit is awarded for only one of BCH 153/BIOL 153/BPSC 153 or BIOL 109.

BIOL 155.
Chromosomes. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 102 or consent of instructor. An examination of the structure, function, and behavior of eukaryotic chromosomes. Cross-listed with BPSC 155.

BIOL 157.
Parasitology. (5)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics. The nature and principles of parasitism with a survey of various types of animal parasites.

BIOL 159.
Biology of Nematodes. (3)

Lecture, two hours; discussion and demonstration, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics. An introduction to the biology of nematodes. Topics include the morphology, physiology, development, genetics, behavior, and ecology of nematodes from parasitic and free-living habitats. In the discussion and demonstration section, students observe the comparative morphology and biology of nematodes and give oral presentations on selected nematode life histories. Cross-listed with NEM 159.

BIOL 160.
Animal Behavior. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, and BIOL 102 with grades of "C-" or better, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, PHYS 002C (PHYS 002C may be taken concurrently), one course in statistics. An examination of behavior from an evolutionary and ecological perspective. Topics include the inheritance of behavior, evolution of communication and displays, migration and habitat selection, foraging ecology, mating systems, and the evolution of social behavior.

BIOL 160L.
Laboratory in Animal Behavior. (1)

Laboratory, four hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 160 (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory and field exercises in animal behavior. Covers topics such as foraging behavior, aggression, and territoriality.

BIOL 161A-BIOL 161B.
Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates. (5-5)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, and PHYS 002A with grades of "C-" or better; for BIOL 161B: BIOL 161A and PHYS 002B with grades of "C-" or better, or consent of instructor. The functional anatomy of vertebrates, including humans. Each organ system is examined from a developmental and evolutionary perspective. 161A: Topics include phylogeny, skeleton, muscles, and nervous system; 161B: Includes sense organs, integument, respiratory system, digestive system, urogenital system, and circulation. BIOL161A-BIOL 161B and BIOL 171 provide a one-year sequence to meet professional school requirements for human anatomy and physiology. Recommended for sophomores and juniors.

BIOL 162.
Insect Behavior. (4)

Lecture, four hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL/ENTM 100; or BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL005C; or consent of instructor. An analysis of the mechanisms that cause and control behavioral reactions of insects. Emphasis on ethological and physiological knowledge concerning orientation mechanisms, communication systems, learning, and the role of the nervous system in integrating behavior in insects. Cross-listed with ENTM 162.

BIOL 163.
Evolutionary Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrates. (5)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, BCH 100 or BCH 110A. Ecology, evolution, and behavior of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Laboratory covers systematics, morphology, and identification, and includes field trips to local habitats.

BIOL 164A.
Applied Conservation Biology. (4)

Lecture and discussion, twenty-five hours per quarter; field and laboratory work, forty-five hours per quarter. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, one course in statistics; concurrent enrollment in BIOL 164B, BIOL 164C, BIOL 164D; consent of instructor. An examination of natural resource conservation, with emphasis on habitat and ecosystem management, endangered species issues, biodiversity maintenance, and the trade-offs between resource exploitation, preservation, and sustainability. The Owens Valley of eastern California serves as a case study. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available.

BIOL 164B.
Field Ecology. (4)

Lecture, twenty hours per quarter; discussion, ten hours per quarter; field and laboratory work, thirty hours per quarter. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, one course in statistics; concurrent enrollment in BIOL 164A, BIOL 164C, BIOL 164D; consent of instructor. An examination of factors governing the distribution and abundance of organisms. Emphasizes studies of community structures and their relationships to biotic and abiotic components of the environment, using hypothetico-deductive experimental approaches and extensive field work. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available. Credit is awarded for only one of BIOL 118 or BIOL 164B.

BIOL 164C.
Physiological Ecology. (4)

Lecture, twenty hours per quarter; discussion, ten hours per quarter; field and laboratory work, thirty hours per quarter. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, one course in statistics; concurrent enrollment in BIOL 164A, BIOL 164B, BIOL 164D; consent of instructor. Mechanisms of organismal function, particularly with respect to adaptation and acclimatization to diverse environmental conditions. Specific topics include energy metabolism, gas exchange, circulation, thermal effects, and regulation of body temperature and fluid composition. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available.

BIOL 164D.
Independent Research in Environmental Biology. (4)

Discussion, ten hours per quarter; field and laboratory work, ninety hours per quarter. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, one course in statistics; concurrent enrollment in BIOL 164A, BIOL 164B, BIOL 164C; consent of instructor. Special study and research on problems in environmental biology, under the supervision of members of the faculty of BIOL 164A, BIOL 164B, and BIOL 164C. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available.

BIOL 167.
General Embryology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, four hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics. A survey of the morphological and physiological events which occur during embryonic development.

BIOL 169.
Human Growth and Development. (3)

Lecture, two hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 110A, STAT 105, third-year standing in the Biomedical Sciences Program; or consent of instructor. An in-depth study of normal human development from conception through the early postnatal period. To be demonstrated by microscopic and other materials specifically adapted for this course. Some consideration will also be given to abnormal development.

BIOL 171.
Human Physiology. (5)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, BIOL 161A-BIOL 161B, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, BCH 100 or BCH 110A. Cell, tissue, and organ function in normal and diseased conditions. Topics include glands and hormones, the autonomic nervous system, pharmacology, hematology, digestive processes, body fluids and kidney, muscle contraction, and cardiac structure and function. BIOL 161A-BIOL 161B and BIOL 171 provide a one-year sequence to meet professional school requirements in human anatomy and physiology.

BIOL 173.
Insect Physiology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A and BIOL 005B or equivalents, CHEM 112A-CHEM 112B-CHEM 112C or equivalents; or consent of instructor. Introduction to principles of insect physiology. Subjects include growth, development and hormones, cuticle, nervous system, circulation, respiration, digestion, nutrition, excretion, reproduction, water balance, and temperature relations. Prior knowledge of insects is not assumed. Cross-listed with ENTM 173.

BIOL 175.
Comparative Animal Physiology. (3)

Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics; BIOL 151 or BIOL 161A-BIOL 161B are recommended. Topics include nutrition and energy metabolism, gas exchange, circulation, and regulation of body fluid composition.

BIOL 175L.
Comparative Animal Physiology Laboratory. (2)

Laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics; BIOL 175 (may be taken concurrently). Laboratory exercises in comparative animal physiology.

BIOL 176.
Comparative Neurobiology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics. Neural mechanisms underlying sensory processing, motor control, and sensorimotor integration at the cellular, network, and behavioral levels. Comparative aspects of sensory and motor control systems in vertebrates and invertebrates and the possible evolution of some mechanisms are discussed.

BIOL 176L.
Comparative Neurobiology Laboratory. (1)

Laboratory, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC. Laboratory experiments and discussion with regard to the structures, function, development, and evolution of invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems.

BIOL 177.
Behavioral Neurobiology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 005A, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C, CHEM 001C or CHEM 01HC, CHEM 112C, MATH 009B or MATH 09HB, PHYS 002C, PHYS 02LC, BCH 100 or BCH 110A, one course in statistics. A study of neural mechanisms underlying the natural behavior of animals. Topics include the neural bases of perception, communication, and orientation; neural control of behavioral acts; and the development of neural systems and behavior.

BIOL 185 (E-Z).
Advanced Undergraduate Seminar in Biology. (2-4)

Seminar, two to four hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing with a major in biology or related field. A seminar course offered to provide biology majors and others that can meet the prerequisite of the course, an opportunity for an in-depth consideration of special topics in biology and related areas. Topics are selected as faculty interest, student interest, and opportunity permit. (Limited enrollment) 185G. Biology of Development (2); 185N. Biology of Food (3); 185P. Psychobiology (2).

BIOL 190.
Special Studies. (1-4)

Individual study, three to twelve hours. Prerequisite(s): consent of instructor and departmental chairperson. To be taken as a means of meeting special curricular needs. Grading basis to be selected in consultation with the instructor and departmental chairperson. Course is repeatable.

BIOL 191.
Seminar in Biology. (2)

Seminar, two hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing and consent of instructor. Each quarter will be devoted to a critical study of selected topics in biology. Undergraduates may receive credit for this course for participation in a graduate level seminar. Course is repeatable.

BIOL 194.
Independent Reading. (1-4)

Consultation, one to four hours. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior standing and consent of instructor and departmental chairperson. Independent study under faculty supervision. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable to a maximum of 4 units.

BIOL 197.
Introduction to Research. (1-2)

Consultation, one to two hours. Prerequisite(s): sophomore, junior or senior standing and consent of instructor and departmental chairperson. Reading, planning and preliminary laboratory work to develop a research project suitable for BIOL 199, Junior/Senior Research. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

BIOL 199.
Junior/Senior Research. (1-4)

Laboratory, one to four hours. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior standing, a minimum GPA of 3.0 and consent of instructor and departmental chairperson. Special problems and research in biology performed under the supervision of members of the faculty of the Department of Biology. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

GRADUATE COURSES  

BIOL 200A-BIOL 200B.
Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology. (4-4)

Lecture, three hours; seminar, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BCH 110A-BCH110B (may be taken concurrently), BIOL 102 or equivalent. For BIOL 200A, BIOL 111 or equivalent; for BIOL 200B, BIOL 107 or equivalent. 200A: a detailed presentation of the interrelationships between structural and functional elements of the living cell; 200B: structure and inheritance of genetic material, gene expression at the cellular and molecular level. '

BIOL 203.
Cellular Biophysics. (3)

Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite(s): CHEM 109 or equivalent, and BIOL 200A-BIOL 200B; or consent of instructor. Biophysical principles that determine cellular structure and function including diffusion, electrochemical gradients, transport, macromolecular interactions, and genetic recombination. Illustrative examples are used to highlight the importance of these principles in modern cell biology and physiology.

BIOL 208.
Biochemical and Molecular Host-Parasite Relationships. (3)

Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100/ ENTM 100 or BIOL 157 or consent of instructor; course in molecular biology or biochemistry recommended. Explores the fundamental biochemical and developmental requirements for "successful" host-parasite relationships in insects. Course will emphasize wasp and nematode parasites of insects and vector-parasite interactions involved in transmission of parasites, including malaria, trypanosomes, and Lyme disease. Cross-listed with ENTM 208.

BIOL 211.
Selected Techniques in Microscopy. (5)

Lecture, three hours; laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 111 or BIOL 166; completion of one year of graduate school preferred. Course is concerned with the experimental analysis of cells and cellular components. Introduction to the principles of light and transmission electron microscopy with application to cell biology will be presented. Sample preparation and the use of electron microscopy are emphasized, and illustrations of use of other kinds of microscopy will be shown. Laboratory work will include projects and techniques of special interest to the student.

BIOL 213.
Behavioral Ecology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 160 or consent of instructor. Examines animal behavior in an evolutionary context. Traces the historical development of the study of behavior, drawing from ethology, comparative psychology, and sociobiology. Topics include evolution of sociality, sexual selection, predator-prey behavior, and parental care.

BIOL 214.
Population Genetics. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 108 or consent of instructor. Traces the historical development of modern ideas in Population Genetics. Focuses on the influence of Fisher, Haldane and Wright on current views of genetic variation in natural populations, by examining recent research in the context of their classic works.

BIOL 216.
The Theory of Evolution. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 105 or consent of instructor. Traces the historical development of modern ideas in Evolutionary Theory. Focuses on the influence of Darwin and of the various authors of the Modern Synthesis on current views of macroevolution, by examining recent research in the context of their classic works.

BIOL 217.
Population and Community Ecology. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117 or BIOL 127/ENTM 127 or consent of instructor. Traces the development of the major concepts in ecology. Focuses on the influence of pioneers in the field, historical roots of key concepts, and key controversies. Current research is evaluated with reference to these historical origins.

BIOL 218.
Field Course in Evolutionary Ecology. (4)

Lecture, one hour; discussion, one hour; field, eight hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. A series of field exercises related to topics of current interest in evolutionary ecology. Topics include the effects of competition, predation, and mutualism on populations and communities; and theories of optimal behavior, morphology, and life history. Emphasis will be placed on the design, execution, and analysis of field experiments.

BIOL 221.
Microbial Genetics. (4)

Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 102; BIOL 107 or BCH 110C. An in-depth coverage of the genetics of microbes with emphasis on the primary data and the foundation of modern techniques using Escherichia coli and other prokaryotic systems. Topics include genome organization, plasmids, restriction-modification systems, mutation, transposable elements, regulation of gene expression, viruses, recombination, repair, and responses to stress.

BIOL 222.
Developmental Genetics. (3)

Lecture, two hours; seminar, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 200B or BIOL 107 and BCH 110A-BCH 110B. Study of molecular genetic strategies and developmental mutations that reveal genetic mechanisms controlling development in higher eukaryotes. Topics include chromosome inactivation and rearrangement, temporal patterns and developmental lethal mutants, behavioral genetics, oncogenetics, and immunogenetics.

BIOL 225.
Developmental Genetics of Caenorhabditis Elegans. (2)

Lecture, one hour; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing or consent of instructor. A review of contemporary developmental genetic research using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Topics covered will include sex determination; cell lineage, deaths, and migrations; mosaic analysis; transposons; neuronal development and wiring diagrams; and altered developmental pathways. Course is repeatable. Cross-listed with NEM 225.

BIOL 230.
Analysis of Ecological Communities. (4)

Lecture, two hours; discussion, two hours. Prerequisite(s): PSYC 212 or STAT 100B, or equivalent; consent of instructor. Principles of multivariate analysis and its applications to the interpretation of ecological community data. Topics include multiple and partial correlation and regression, canonical correlation, detrended and canonical correspondence analysis, multidimensional scaling, similarity indices and cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.

BIOL 250.
Special Topics in Biology. (1-2)

Oral presentation and discussion, one-two hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Oral presentations and intensive small-group discussion of selected topics in the area of special competence of each staff member. Course content will emphasize recent advances in the special topic area and will vary accordingly. May be repeated for credit. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC).

BIOL 252.
General Colloquium in Biology. (1)

Seminar, one hour; discussion, one hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Oral reports by visiting scholars on current biological research. May be repeated for credit. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC).

BIOL 257.
Graduate Seminar in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology. (1)

Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Lectures by visiting scholars on current research in cell, molecular, and developmental biology. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable. Cross-listed with BCH 257, BMSC 257, BPSC 257, ENTM 257, ENTX 257, NEM 257, NRSC 257, and PLPA 257.

BIOL 261.
Colloquium in Recombinant DNA. (1)

Seminar, one hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate status or consent of instructor. Oral reports by visiting scholars, faculty and students on current research topics in recombinant DNA. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable. Cross-listed with BCH 261, BPSC 261, ENTM 261, and PLPA 261.

BIOL 262.
Advances in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology. (1-2)

Seminar, one hour; outside research, three hours (for 2-unit enrollees). Prerequisite(s): graduate status or consent of instructor. Oral reports by visiting scholars, faculty, and students on current research topics in cellular, molecular and developmental biology. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). May be repeated for credit.

BIOL 265.
Advances in Population and Evolutionary Biology. (1-2)

Seminar, one hour; outside research, three hours (for 2-unit enrollees). Prerequisite(s): graduate status or consent of instructor. Oral reports by visiting scholars, faculty, and students on current research topics in population and evolutionary biology. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). May be repeated for credit.

BIOL 275.
Physiological Adaptation to the Environment. (4)

Lecture, three hours; seminar, one hour. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 175 or BMSC 200 (or equivalent) or consent of instructor. Survey of the physiological responses and adaptations of animals to major environmental variables (temperature, salinity, aridity, altitude, pressure, food availability). Examples will be chosen from throughout the animal kingdom.

BIOL 281 (E-Z).
Seminar in Cell Development, Structure, and Function. (2)

Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Lectures, discussions, and demonstrations by students, faculty, and invited scholars on selected subjects concerned with the principles of cell development, structure, and function. E. Cell Biology; F. Molecular Biology; G. Developmental Biology. Courses are repeatable.

BIOL 282.
Seminar in Genetics and Evolution. (2)

Seminar, two hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Lectures, discussions and demonstrations by students, faculty and invited scholars on selected subjects concerned with the principles of genetics and evolution. May be repeated for credit.

BIOL 283.
Seminar in Organismal Physiology and Physiological Ecology. (2)

Seminar, two hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Lectures, discussions and demonstrations by students, faculty and invited scholars on selected subjects concerned with the principles of organismal physiology and physiological ecology. May be repeated for credit.

BIOL 284.
Seminar in Biology. (2)

Seminar, two hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Lectures, discussions and demonstrations by students, faculty and invited scholars on selected subjects concerned with the principles of biology. May be repeated for credit.

BIOL 285.
Seminar in Animal Behavior and Neurobiology. (2)

Seminar, two hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Lectures, discussions, and demonstrations by students, faculty and invited scholars on selected topics concerned with animal behavior and its neural and hormonal basis. Course is repeatable.

BIOL 287.
Colloquium in Neuroscience. (1)

Colloquium, one hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing or consent of instructor. Oral reports on current research topics in neuroscience with presentations by visiting scholars, faculty, and students. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable. Cross-listed with BCH 287, BMSC 287, CHEM 287, ENTM 287, NRSC 287, and PSYC 287.

BIOL 289.
Special Topics in Neuroscience. (2)

Seminar, two hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing or consent of instructor. An interdisciplinary seminar consisting of student presentations and discussion of selected topics in neuroscience. Content and instructor(s) vary each time course is offered. Letter grades will be assigned to students presenting formal seminars; others will be graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable. Cross-listed with BCH 289, BMSC 289, CHEM 289, ENTM 289, NRSC 289, and PSYC 289.

BIOL 290.
Directed Studies. (1-6)

Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Individual studies on specially selected topics in biology under the direction of a staff member. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

BIOL 291.
Individual Studies in Coordinated Areas. (1-6)

Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A program of studies designed to advise and assist candidates who are preparing for examinations. Open to M.S. and Ph.D. candidates; does not count toward the unit requirement for the M.S. degree. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

BIOL 292.
Concurrent Analytical Studies in Biology. (2-4)

Research, six to twelve hours. Prerequisite(s): consent of instructor. The course will be elected concurrently with an appropriate undergraduate course, but on an individual basis. It will be devoted to one or more graduate papers based on research or criticism related to the course. Faculty guidance and evaluation will be provided throughout the quarter. May be repeated for credit.

BIOL 297.
Directed Research. (1-6)

Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Directed research in biology. Experimental studies on specially selected topics in biology under the direction of a staff member. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

BIOL 299.
Research for Thesis or Dissertation. (1-12)

Prerequisite(s): graduate standing and consent of instructor. Original research in an area selected for the advanced degree. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

PROFESSIONAL COURSES

BIOL 301.
Teaching of Biology at the College Level. (1)

Seminar, one hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A program of weekly meetings and individual formative evaluations required of new Biology Teaching Assistants. Covers instructional methods and classroom/section activities most suitable for teaching Biology. Conducted by the TA Development Program. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC).