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Philosophy

Faculty E-mails

Professors
Carl F. Cranor, Ph.D.
John M. Fischer, Ph.D.
David K. Glidden, Ph.D.
Bernd Magnus, Ph.D.
Andrews Reath, Ph.D.
Georgia Warnke, Ph.D.
Gary Watson, Ph.D.
Howard K. Wettstein, Ph.D.
Larry Wright, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
David Harrah, Ph.D.
Associate Professors
Paul D. Hoffman, Ph.D.
Pierre Keller, Ph.D.
Erich Reck, Ph.D.
Assistant Professors
William Bracken, Ph.D.
Peter J. Graham, Ph.D.
Eric Schwitzgebel, Ph.D.

MAJORS

The Department of Philosophy offers a major and minor in Philosophy and a major in Philosophy/Law and Society.

The major in Philosophy is designed to introduce students to the important issues and arguments surrounding such subjects as morality, knowledge, the nature of the mind and of the physical world, science, and language. The program provides a rigorous background in the history of Western philosophy, and studies contemporary approaches (both analytic and Continental) to philosophical issues. The B.A. degree in Philosophy prepares students for graduate study in philosophy, and is also excellent preparation for law school. For students interested in a double major, philosophy also serves as an excellent complement to psychology, mathematics, political science, and the natural sciences.

The B.A. degree in Philosophy/Law and Society offers students a means of understanding complex relationships between social institutions and provides a strong basis for graduate studies in areas related to law and philosophy. The Philosophy/Law and Society curriculum is sound background for students planning on pursuing the study of law.

Degree Requirements

University Requirements

See the Undergraduate Studies section for requirements that all students must satisfy.

College Requirements

See Degree Requirements, College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, in the Undergraduate Studies Section, for requirements that students must satisfy.

Major Requirements

The department offers two majors: the traditional Philosophy major, and a Philosophy/Law and Society major.

Philosophy Major

The major requirements for the B.A. degree in Philosophy are as follows:

Fifty-six (56) units of course work in Philosophy including at least 36 upper-division units.

1. PHIL 007 or PHIL 007H and PHIL 008 or PHIL 008H
2. PHIL 100 (Sophomore-Junior Seminar)
3. Three courses in the history of philosophy, at least one of which must be in ancient Greek or Roman philosophy. Select courses from PHIL 030 (E-Z), PHIL 120 (E-Z), PHIL 121 (E-Z), PHIL 122 (E-Z); a specific list is provided by the Philosophy Department. Not more than two courses may be from PHIL 030 (E-Z)
4. At least two courses in metaphysics, epistemology, or philosophy of language: PHIL 130 through PHIL 152, PHIL 159.
5. At least one course in moral and political philosophy: PHIL 108, PHIL 116, PHIL 117, PHIL 119, PHIL 153, PHIL 161 through PHIL 169 (E-Z).

Students are urged to consult the department's undergraduate advisor in preparing their course of study each quarter while at UCR.

Philosophy/Law and Society Major

Major requirements for a B.A. degree in Philosophy/Law and Society are as follows:

1. Philosophy Department requirements (36 units)

a) PHIL 007 or PHIL 007H

b) Three courses in the history of philosophy (two of which must be upper-division): PHIL 030 (E-Z), PHIL 120 (E-Z), PHIL 121 (E-Z), PHIL 122 (E-Z)

c) Five courses in moral and political philosophy: PHIL 108, PHIL 116, PHIL 117, PHIL 119, PHIL 153, and PHIL 161 through PHIL 169 (E-Z)

2. Requirements for Law and Society (36 units)

a) PHIL 007 or PHIL 007H

b) LWSO 100

c) One course chosen from the following list: ECON 111, PSYC 012, SOC 110A, POSC 114 (or equivalent course in research methods)

d) Five courses chosen from ANTH 127, ECON 119, HISE 153, PHIL 165, POSC 167, PSYC 175, SOC 159 (One of these courses may be replaced by a substitute choice from a list of courses published annually by the Law and Society Faculty Committee. Not more than two of the courses taken to meet this requirement [2.d] may be from the same department.)

e) LWSO 193, Senior Seminar

Note In filling the dual requirements of the major, students may not count more than two courses toward both parts of their total requirements (Philosophy Department requirements and Law and Society requirements). The department has its own Philosophy/Law and Society undergraduate advisor, and each student is urged to consult the advisor in preparing a course of study each quarter while at UCR.

Minor

A student may minor (24 units) in Philosophy by taking either PHIL 007, PHIL 007H, PHIL 008 or PHIL 008H, four upper-division philosophy courses, and one other philosophy course at any level.

Students may also choose to do a Philosophy minor with special emphasis, taking their four upper-division courses from one of the areas listed below:

1. Philosophy, Literature, and History of Philosophy: PHIL 120 (E-Z), PHIL 121 (E-Z), PHIL 122 (E-Z), PHIL 132, PHIL 151, PHIL 152, PHIL 150, PHIL 159
2. Philosophy and Cognitive Science:
   PHIL 125, PHIL 126, PHIL 130, PHIL 131, PHIL 132, PHIL 133, PHIL 134, PHIL 135/PSYC 154
3. Philosophy and the Natural Sciences:
   PHIL 117, PHIL 130, PHIL 134, PHIL 137, PHIL 140, PHIL 151, PHIL 167
4. Philosophy and Social and Policy Analysis: PHIL 153, PHIL 161, PHIL 162, PHIL 163, PHIL 164, PHIL 165

See Minors under the College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences in the Undergraduate Studies section of this catalog for additional information on minors.

GRADUATE PROGRAM

Domestic applicants to graduate programs in the Department of Philosophy must supply GRE scores for the aptitude tests. All applicants must submit a writing sample.

Master's Degree

The master's program in Philosophy follows Plan I (Thesis). Upon admission to the program, students are assigned a committee of three advisors. Students consult with the graduate advisor and their advisory committees twice a year in September and January to determine their individual course of study. In addition, all students must have their programs signed by the graduate advisor.

Students should note that although they need not have completed distributional requirements or a language requirement to acquire the M.A. degree, there are strict distributional and language requirements for the Ph.D. degree. M.A. students who expect to continue on in the Ph.D. program must begin to fulfill these requirements immediately upon entering the program if they expect to acquire the Ph.D. degree within the prescribed period of time.

In addition, students must

1. Complete, with a grade of "B" or better, course work totaling 48 units of graduate credit in philosophy, of which at least 24 must be at the graduate level. Of these

a) Twelve (12) units must be in the three proseminars for first-year graduate students. (The proseminars are designed to acquaint first-year students with the current state of discussion in a given subfield and also to equip them with the elementary tools needed to conduct their own research.)

b) Up to 20 units may be in the 100-series courses or 230–266 series, depending on the student's interests and background. These are to be chosen only in consultation with the student's advisory committee and the graduate advisor.

2. Satisfy the logic M.A. requirements. Students must take PHIL 124 (Formal Logic) before the end of their sixth quarter and pass it with a grade of "B" or better. Students who fail to pass on the first try have a second, and final, opportunity to take PHIL 124.

Since some entering graduate students may have a background in logic beyond the introductory level, the department offers an examination to the entering class on the day before the beginning of fall quarter (if classes start on a Monday, the exam is offered the previous Friday). For those students who perform satisfactorily on the test, the requirement for the M.A. is considered fulfilled. Students who are unsure about the adequacy of their background are encouraged to take the test for diagnostic purposes. Those who wish to take the test but are unable to attend should contact the graduate advisor prior to the date of the exam.

3. Submit a professional paper of 25 pages or less (normally a high-quality seminar paper) for oral examination and approval. Further information on what constitutes a professional paper is available from the graduate advisor. Students must consult with the advisor in selecting an M.A. committee. Failure after two opportunities to pass the M.A. oral constitutes grounds for dismissal from the program. In addition, completion of the M.A. requirements does not guarantee admission to the Ph.D. program.

Doctoral Degree

Students are invited to continue toward candidacy for the Ph.D. degree on the basis of performance in courses and seminars, satisfactory completion of the M.A. requirements, and the recommendation of their advisory committee in consultation with the graduate advisor. A student's course of study is supervised by an advisory committee, in consultation with the graduate advisor until the student receives a dissertation committee. Under certain circumstances, holders of the master's degree in Philosophy from other universities may be admitted to the doctoral program. These students are required to enroll in first-year proseminars.

Course Requirements Ph.D. students are required to complete 12 more units in philosophy, with a grade of "B" or better, in addition to the 48 units for the M.A. degree. Of the student's 60 graduate units in philosophy, 8 units in addition to the proseminar must be in the area of the history of philosophy, with 4 of these in ancient philosophy, 8 in addition to the proseminar in the area of metaphysics and epistemology, and 8 in addition to the proseminar in the area of ethics, politics, and aesthetics.

Language Requirement A student must know one foreign language well enough to conduct philosophical research in that language. Students may select Greek, Latin, French, German, or (by petition) some other language if it accords better with the area of their research. Competence is judged by a translation exam administered by the department.

Logic Requirement To satisfy the logic requirement, students must pass PHIL 125 (Intermediate Logic) with a grade of "B" or better.

Proposition Requirement Having acquired an M.A. degree either here or at another institution, all Ph.D. students must complete an acceptable proposition by the end of their first year in the Ph.D. program. A proposition is a paper, no more than forty pages in length, devoted to a significant problem in philosophy.

Written and Oral Qualifying Examinations Students must write a dissertation prospectus and pass a qualifying oral examination before advancing to candidacy. This examination, which is supervised by a faculty committee as stipulated in the regulations of the Graduate Division, concentrates on the students' preparation for writing a dissertation as indicated by the dissertation prospectus. It must be taken after the student has passed the M.A. language and proposition requirements and normally occurs within two quarters of the completion of these requirements.

Dissertation and Final Oral Examination A dissertation to be presented as prescribed by the Graduate Council is prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation committee. After completion of the dissertation, the candidate is examined in its defense by the dissertation committee.

Normative Time to Degree 18 quarters

LOWER-DIVISION COURSES

PHIL 001. Introduction to Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): none. An introductory exploration into the nature of the individual, his/her place in the universe, and the forces that shape his/her destiny. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 001 or PHIL 001H.

PHIL 001H. Honors Introduction to Philosophy (4) Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 1 hour; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): admission to the University Honors Program or consent of instructor. Honors course corresponding to PHIL 001. An introductory course designed to explore a small number of classical texts central to philosophy and the liberal arts and sciences. Students examine issues surrounding the nature of knowledge, the foundations of moral philosophy, and the relation of both to the development of the human and natural sciences. Texts may vary from year to year and include works by such authors as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hobbes, Hume, and Kant. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 001 or PHIL 001H.

PHIL 002. Contemporary Moral Issues (4) Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 1 hour; consultation, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): none. Philosophical analysis of contemporary moral issues such as: abortion, discrimination, sexual morality, punishment, the obligation to obey the law, suicide, euthanasia, war, privacy. Credit is awarded for one only of PHIL 002 or PHIL 002H.

PHIL 002H. Honors Contemporary Moral Issues (4) Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 1 hour; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): admission to the University Honors Program or consent of instructor. Honors course corresponding to PHIL 002. Philosophical analysis of contemporary moral issues such as abortion, discrimination, sexual morality, punishment, the obligation to obey the law, suicide, euthanasia, war, and privacy. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available. Credit is only awarded for one of PHIL 002 or PHIL 002H.

PHIL 003. Ethics and the Meaning of Life (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): none. Approaches one of the basic questions of value: How should one live? Covers classical and contemporary discussions of issues such as the human good, human virtue, the role of pleasure and happiness, egoism and altruism, duty, the relativity and objectivity of value, the meaning of life, death, autonomy, integrity, and conscience. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 003 or PHIL 003H.

PHIL 003H. Honors Ethics and the Meaning of Life (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): admission to the University Honors Program or consent of instructor. Honors course corresponding to PHIL 003. Approaches one of the basic questions of value: How should one live? Covers classical and contemporary discussions of issues such as the human good, human virtue, the role of pleasure and happiness, egoism and altruism, duty, the relativity and objectivity of value, the meaning of life, death, autonomy, integrity, and conscience. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 003 or PHIL 003H.

PHIL 004. Introduction to the Philosophy of Race (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): none. Introduction to the philosophy of race from classical theorists to contemporary critical race theory. Topics covered include the Enlightenment, discussions of race in the founding of the American Republic, Supreme Court decisions from Dred Scott to recent affirmative action decisions, and the concept of race as a social construction.

PHIL 005. Evil (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): none. An introductory discussion of the nature of evil, its motivation, and its origins. Examines these themes through a variety of sources, including both classical philosophical texts, and contemporary films.

PHIL 007. Introduction to Critical Thinking (4) Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): none. A practical examination of reasoning and argument topically illustrated. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 007 or PHIL 007H.

PHIL 007H. Honors Introduction to Critical Thinking (4) Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 1 hour; term paper, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): admission to the University Honors Program or consent of instructor. Honors course corresponding to PHIL 007. A practical examination of reasoning and argument, topically illustrated. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available. Credit is only awarded for one of PHIL 007 or PHIL 007H.

PHIL 008. Introduction to Logic (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): none. An introduction to symbolic logic. Teaches how to distinguish, in a precise way, valid deductive arguments from those that are invalid; includes learning to use logical symbolism, truth tables, and formal deductions. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 008 or PHIL 008H.

PHIL 008H. Honors Introduction to Logic (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): admission to the University Honors Program or consent of instructor. Honors course corresponding to PHIL 008. An introduction to symbolic logic. Teaches how to distinguish, in a precise way, valid deductive arguments from those that are invalid; includes learning symbolism, truth tables, and formal deductions. Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grading is not available. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 008 or PHIL 008H.

PHIL 012. Introductory Seminar in Moral Philosophy (4) Seminar, 3 hours; reading (extra), 2 hours. Prerequisite(s): none. An introduction to a small number of central moral issues: Small class size in order to provide for substantial discussion and close supervision of written papers.

PHIL 030 (E-Z). Introduction to the History of Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): none. Introductory surveys of important periods and subjects in the history of Western philosophy. Topics include E. Hellenic Philosophy: Pre-Socratics through Aristotle; F. Hellenistic Philosophy: Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics; G. Medieval Philosophy; I. Early Modern Philosophy; J. Late Modern Philosophy; K. Nineteenth-Century Philosophy; M. History of Ethics; N. History of Political Philosophy.

UPPER-DIVISION COURSES

PHIL 100. Sophomore-Junior Seminar (4) Seminar, 3 hours; term paper, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy; sophomore, junior, or senior standing in Philosophy or Philosophy/Law and Society. A writing-intensive seminar designed to introduce students to philosophical analysis and writing through an in-depth focus on a philosophical text or issue. Content varies.

PHIL 108. Philosophical Issues of Race and Gender (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Investigates philosophical issues concerning race and gender. Themes include the role of cultural and biological criteria in defining these concepts; the roles of race and gender in personal identity; the nature of racism, sexism, and their variants; and policy implications such as affirmative action and the civil status of homosexual relationships. Cross-listed with WMST 108.

PHIL 110. Asian Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. A general introduction to philosophy as well as a survey of Asian contributions to philosophy, focusing on the Indian and Chinese traditions. Examines questions concerning how best to live one's life, what can be known, the relation between mind and body, whether there are minds and bodies, and the nature of the universe.

PHIL 111. Philosophy, Film, and Reflective Popular Culture (4) Lecture, 3 hours; screening, 1 hour; reading (extra), 2 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Examines a number of philosophical themes as depicted in film and/or other media of reflective popular culture. Four or five films are screened; each is examined for the philosophical issues it raises. Themes may include integrity, love, spirituality, meaning, identity, and morality.

PHIL 112. Mortal Questions (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Focuses on aspects of our distinctively human capacity to lead a meaningful life, especially investigating aspects of the nature of the mind and human freedom. The nature of death and its place in the context of a meaningful life is discussed.

PHIL 113. God (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing. Topics include examination of the nature of divinity and the nature of evil, the influence of the concept of God upon philosophical history, ideals, and values, and the riddle of an after-life.

PHIL 114. Science and Human Understanding (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. A study of some recent philosophical reflections on this topic; that is, the ways in which various contemporary philosophers have examined human understanding as exemplified in science.

PHIL 115. The Care of the Soul (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. A historical and contemporary examination of the role philosophy has played in nurturing the human spirit in the face of other philosophical efforts to demythologize the soul into neural functions or even mere congeries of atoms in motion in the void.

PHIL 116. Business Ethics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An inquiry into some of the moral issues arising from business life, such as conflicts of interest, responsibility to consumers, corporate culture and character, and the morality of competition. Also considers the history of ethics and the history business as an institution.

PHIL 117. Environmental Ethics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. A philosophic consideration of ethical problems that arise from the use and exploitation of the environment. Topics covered include workplace pollution hazards; environmental pollution and protection of collective natural resources; the rights of future generations; the rights of animals; the protection of endangered species.

PHIL 118. Personhood and Personal Identity (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. Develops the basic elements of the concept of personhood, and how persons are alleged to be crucially different from non-human animals. Various theories are considered about what is essential to us as individuals and what makes us the same person over time. Explores the relationship between these metaphysical issues and moral issues, such as euthanasia, animals' rights, and abortion.

PHIL 119. Economics and Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; individual study, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): ECON 003 or consent of instructor. Examines issues on the boundary of economics and philosophy. Topics include social choice theory and economic justice; foundations of utility theory, rational choice, and economic welfare; epistemology and the philosophies of science of Popper, Kuhn, and others. Cross-listed with ECON 117.

PHIL 120 (E-Z). Ancient Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. Each segment covers a major figure in ancient Greek or Roman philosophy. E. Plato; F. Aristotle; G. Plato and Aristotle; I. Cicero; J. Seneca; K. Plutarch. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 120 (E-Z) or PHIL 220 (E-Z).

PHIL 121 (E-Z). Major Philosophers (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. Each segment covers a major figure in the history of medieval, early modern, or late modern philosophy. E. Aquinas; F. Descartes; G. Leibniz; I. Spinoza; J. Locke; K. Hume; M. Reid; N. Kant; O. Hegel; Q. Nietzsche; R. Royce; S. Freud; T. Heidegger; U. Russell; V. Wittgenstein; X. Kripke. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 121 (E-Z) or PHIL 221 (E-Z).

PHIL 122 (E-Z). Topics in History of Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. Topics include E. Ancient Philosophy; F. Medieval Philosophy; I. French Renaissance Philosophy; J. Early Modern Philosophy; M. Moral Theories of Hume and Kant; N. Nineteenth-Century Philosophy; O. Kant and Post-Kantian European Moral Philosophy; Q. Political Philosophy. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 122 (E-Z) or PHIL 221 (E-Z).

PHIL 124. Formal Logic (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): CS 120A/EE 120A or CS 150 or MATH 112 or PHIL 008 or PHIL008H or consent of instructor. An introduction to first-order logic, the core of the logic often used in contemporary philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.

PHIL 125. Intermediate Logic (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 2 hours; term paper, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): PHIL 124 or consent of instructor. The basic metatheory of first-order logic; with an emphasis on the precise relation between its syntax (formulas, rules of inference, and proofs) and semantics (interpretations, truth, validity), leading to the soundness and completeness theorems.

PHIL 126. Advanced Logic (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 2 hours; term paper, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): PHIL 125. Advanced metatheory of first-order logic, leading to a discussion of some of the important incompleteness, undecidability and non-expressability results of twentieth-century logic (Godel, Church, Turing, etc.).

PHIL 130. Theory of Knowledge (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. An inquiry into the nature of human knowledge—its possibility, criteria, scope, and limitations. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 130 or PHIL 230.

PHIL 131. Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. A discussion of some major issues and thinkers in the tradition dominant in twentieth-century British and American philosophy. Philosophers discussed might include Frege, Russell, Carnap, Quine, Kripke, and D. Lewis. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 131 or PHIL 231.

PHIL 132. Philosophy of Language (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. A study of some of the traditional issues in the philosophy of language, such as analyticity, theories of reference, truth, speech act theory, and philosophical theories of formal grammars. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 132 or PHIL 232.

PHIL 133. Metaphysics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. An investigation of some of the traditional problems in Western philosophy that have been labeled metaphysical, such as the existence of God, the relationship between mind and body, the determinism versus free will debate, and the nature of time and space. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 133 or PHIL 233.

PHIL 134. Philosophy of Mind (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. A study of several theories of the nature of mind and an analysis of particular issues occasioned by them: the mind-body problem, personal identity, emotions, human action, self-knowledge, knowledge of other minds, and explanations of human behavior. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 134 or PHIL 234.

PHIL 135. Philosophy of Psychology (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or upper-division standing in Psychology or consent of instructor. Examines philosophical issues arising in the context of empirical psychology. Topics may include moral development; artificial intelligence and the modeling of cognition; the nature of perception and memory; fallacies in human reasoning; mechanisms of self-understanding; and mental illness and personhood. Cross-listed with PSYC 154. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 135/PSYC 154 or PHIL 235.

PHIL 136. Reasoning and Rationality (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): PHIL 007 or consent of instructor. An exploration of the role reasoning plays in our lives, including a study of the linguistic and conceptual issues encountered when everyday reasoning becomes abstract, and reflections on the related philosophical notion of rationality.

PHIL 137. Philosophy of Science (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. Topics discussed include understanding scientific objectivity in the light of history and sociology of science; realism and anti-realism about scientific theories; scientific methodology and its logic; and the nature of scientific explanation. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 137 or PHIL 237.

PHIL 139. Philosophy of Mathematics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; extra reading, written work, homework problems, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): PHIL 124 or one mathematics course or consent of instructor. Discusses topics such as the abstract nature of mathematical objects, the sources of mathematical knowledge, the relation between mathematics and logic, and the infinite in mathematics. Considers the development of some selected parts of mathematics (especially arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and set theory) and of various corresponding philosophical positions (platonism, formalism, intuitionism, structuralism). Course is repeatable as content changes. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 139 or PHIL 239.

PHIL 140. Topics in Metaphysics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. An in-depth discussion of selected issues in contemporary metaphysics, such as abstract objects, essentialism and identity, laws of nature, free will, and determinism. Course is repeatable as content changes.

PHIL 150. Philosophy in Literature (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. An examination of philosophical issues raised by selected novelists, poets, and playwrights.

PHIL 151. Existentialism (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An examination of philosophical and literary works which deal with the significance of some fundamental human experiences: identity crises, choice and commitment, anxiety and death, the experience of meaninglessness, and alienation. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 151 or PHIL 251.

PHIL 152. Twentieth-Century Continental Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. Examines the character and consequences of several recent movements in continental philosophy, including hermeneutics, structuralism, deconstruction, and critical theory. Authors discussed include Heidegger, Gadamer, Habermas, Derrida, and Foucault. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 152 or PHIL 252.

PHIL 153. Marxist Critique (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An examination of the ideas central to the tradition of Western Marxism: ideology, critique, reification, instrumental reason, the domination of nature, and communicative action. Theorists discussed typically include Hegel, Marx, Lukacs, Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamin, and Habermas. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 153 or PHIL 253.

PHIL 159. Philosophy of Religion (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. A historical, critical examination of the concepts and arguments involved in the Judeo-Christian God-hypothesis, and the influence of this world view upon the ideals and values of the Western world. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 159 or PHIL 259.

PHIL 161. Ethics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. A study of the major classical moral philosophers in the Western tradition and of some selected problems of metaethics. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 161 or PHIL 261.

PHIL 162. Social Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An inquiry into philosophical problems and issues arising out of social theory and practice, focusing on contemporary concerns including the educational system, the family structure, women's liberation, racial conflict, and the problems of violence.

PHIL 163. Political Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An inquiry into some of the main philosophic issues arising from political life, such as the nature and justification of authority, democracy, natural rights, justice, equality, and civil disobedience. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 163 or PHIL 263.

PHIL 164. Justice (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. A philosophical analysis of the concept of justice. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 164 or PHIL 264.

PHIL 165. Philosophy of Law (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An inquiry into the nature of criminal law, the relation between law and morality, the nature of legal responsibility, and the obligation to obey the law. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 165 or PHIL 265.

PHIL 166. Philosophy of Feminism (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An analysis of current concepts and debates in feminist philosophy including gender equality, gender difference, and the relation of sex and gender. Situates various approaches to these topics in the history of philosophy. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 166 or PHIL 266.

PHIL 167. Biomedical Ethics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. A philosophical discussion of newly emerging issues, both ethical and social, in biology and medicine, such as genetic engineering, euthanasia, experimentation with human subjects, abortion, behavior control, and patient's right to know.

PHIL 168. Ethics and Families (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing or consent of instructor. An analysis of some of the ethical issues that arise in and with regard to families of different kinds. Issues may include gender relations in "traditional marriages"; the ethics of same-sex marriage; the morality of abortion, surrogate mothering, and cloning; the justice of school vouchers; the grounds for universal health care; and possible gender inequalities in divorce. Cross-listed with WMST 141.

PHIL 169 (E-Z). Topics in Value Theory (4) Lecture, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or consent of instructor. Topics include E. Ethics; F. Aesthetics; G. Political Philosophy; I. Social Philosophy; J. Philosophy of Law.

PHIL 190. Special Studies (1-5) To be taken with the consent of the department Chair as a means of meeting special curricular problems. Course is repeatable to a maximum of 16 units.

PHIL 193. Senior Seminar (4) Seminar, 3 hours; term paper, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): two upper-division courses in philosophy; senior standing in Philosophy or Philosophy/Law and Society or consent of instructor. Advanced seminar for Philosophy majors. Course is repeatable as content changes to a maximum of 8 units.

PHIL 195. Senior Thesis (1-4) Prerequisite(s): enrollment by request of student with approval of department chair. Course is graded In Progress (IP) until the thesis is completed. Course is repeatable to a maximum of 8 units.

PHIL 198-I. Individual Internship in Philosophy (2-8) Internship, 4-16 hours; written work, 2-8 hours. Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing; consent of instructor. An intern assignment in government, education, science, business, or other field related to philosophy. Students write a substantive philosophical paper pertaining to the work done in the internship. Course is repeatable to a maximum of 8 units.

GRADUATE COURSES

PHIL 220 (E-Z). Ancient Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Each segment covers a major figure in ancient Greek or Roman philosophy. E. Plato; F. Aristotle; G. Plato and Aristotle; I. Cicero; J. Seneca; K. Plutarch. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of each of the corresponding lettered segments of PHIL 120 (E-Z) and PHIL 220 (E-Z).

PHIL 221 (E-Z). Major Philosophers (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Each segment covers a major figure in the history of medieval, early modern, or late modern philosophy. E. Aquinas; F. Descartes; G. Leibniz; I. Spinoza; J. Locke; K. Hume; M. Reid; N. Kant; O. Hegel; Q. Nietzsche; R. Royce; S. Freud; T. Heidegger; U. Russell; V. Wittgenstein; X. Kripke. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of each of the corresponding lettered segments of PHIL 121 (E-Z) and PHIL 221 (E-Z).

PHIL 222 (E-Z). Topics in History of Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Topics include E. Ancient Philosophy; F. Medieval Philosophy; I. French Renaissance Philosophy; J. Early Modern Philosophy; M. Moral Theories of Hume and Kant; N. Nineteenth-Century Philosophy; O. Kant and Post-Kantian European Moral Philosophy; Q. Political Philosophy. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of each of the corresponding lettered segments of PHIL 122 (E-Z) and PHIL 222 (E-Z).

PHIL 230. Theory of Knowledge (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. An inquiry into the nature of human knowledge—its possibility, criteria, scope, and limitations. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 130 or PHIL 230.

PHIL 231. Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A discussion of some major issues and thinkers in the tradition dominant in twentieth-century British and American philosophy. Philosophers discussed might include Frege, Russell, Carnap, Quine, Kripke, and D. Lewis. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 131 or PHIL 231.

PHIL 232. Philosophy of Language (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A study of some of the traditional issues in the philosophy of language, such as analyticity, theories of reference, truth, speech act theory, and philosophical theories of formal grammars. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 132 or PHIL 232.

PHIL 233. Metaphysics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. An investigation of some of the traditional problems in Western philosophy that have been labeled metaphysical, such as the existence of God, the relationship between mind and body, the determinism versus free will debate, and the nature of time and space. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 133 or PHIL 233.

PHIL 234. Philosophy of Mind (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A study of several theories of the nature of mind and an analysis of particular issues occasioned by them: the mind-body problem, personal identity, emotions, human action, self-knowledge, knowledge of other minds, and explanations of human behavior. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 134 or PHIL 234.

PHIL 235. Philosophy of Psychology (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Examines philosophical issues arising in the context of empirical psychology. Topics may include moral development; artificial intelligence and the modeling of cognition; the nature of perception and memory; fallacies in human reasoning; mechanisms of self- understanding; and mental illness and personhood. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 135/PSYC 154 or PHIL 235.

PHIL 237. Philosophy of Science (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Topics discussed include understanding scientific objectivity in the light of the history and sociology of science; realism and antirealism about scientific theories; scientific methodology and its logic; and the nature of scientific explanation. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 137 or PHIL 237.

PHIL 239. Philosophy of Mathematics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Discusses topics such as the abstract nature of mathematical objects, the sources of mathematical knowledge, the relation between mathematics and logic, and the infinite in mathematics. Considers the development of some selected parts of mathematics (especially arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and set theory) and of various corresponding philosophical positions (platonism, formalism, intuitionism, structuralism). Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Course is repeatable as content changes. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 139 or PHIL 239.

PHIL 251. Existentialism (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. An examination of philosophical and literary works which deal with the significance of some fundamental human experiences: identity crises, choice and commitment, anxiety and death, the experience of meaninglessness, and alienation. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 151 or PHIL 251.

PHIL 252. Twentieth-Century Continental Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Examines the character and consequences of several recent movements in continental philosophy, including hermeneutics, structuralism, deconstruction, and critical theory. Authors discussed include Heidegger, Gadamer, Habermas, Derrida, and Foucault. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 152 or PHIL 252.

PHIL 253. Marxist Critique (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. An examination of the ideas central to the tradition of Western Marxism: ideology, critique, reification, instrumental reason, the domination of nature, and communicative action. Theorists discussed typically include Hegel, Marx, Lukacs, Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamin, and Habermas. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 153 or PHIL 253.

PHIL 259. Philosophy of Religion (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A historical, critical examination of the concepts and arguments involved in the Judeo-Christian God-hypothesis, and the influence of this world view on the ideals and values of the Western world. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 159 or PHIL 259.

PHIL 261. Ethics (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A study of the major classical moral philosophers in the Western tradition and of some selected problems of metaethics. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 161 or PHIL 261.

PHIL 263. Political Philosophy (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. An inquiry into some of the main philosophic issues arising from political life, such as the nature and justification of authority, democracy, natural rights, justice, equality, and civil disobedience. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 163 or PHIL 263.

PHIL 264. Justice (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A philosophical analysis of the concept of justice. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 164 or PHIL 264.

PHIL 265. Philosophy of Law (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. An inquiry into the nature of criminal law, the relation between law and morality, the nature of legal responsibility, and the obligation to obey the law. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 165 or PHIL 265.

PHIL 266. Philosophy of Feminism (4) Lecture, 3 hours; seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. An analysis of current concepts and debates in feminist philosophy including gender equality, gender difference, and the relation of sex and gender. Situates various approaches to these topics in the history of philosophy. Students who complete all writing assignments, including a term paper, receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Credit is awarded for only one of PHIL 166 or PHIL 266.

PHIL 270. Philosophy Colloquia (1) Colloquium, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Visiting scholars give oral reports on current research in philosophy and discuss them with students and faculty. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

PHIL 275A. Proseminar for First-Year Graduate Students: History of Philosophy (4) Seminar, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): first- year standing in the graduate program in Philosophy. One course in a three-term sequence designed to introduce new graduate students to current issues and methods of research.

PHIL 275B. Proseminar for First-Year Graduate Students: Metaphysics and Epistemology (4) Seminar, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): first-year standing in the graduate program in Philosophy. One course in a three-term sequence designed to introduce new graduate students to current issues and methods of research.

PHIL 275C. Proseminar for First-Year Graduate Students: Moral Philosophy (4) Seminar, 3 hours; reading (extra), 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): first- year standing in the graduate program in Philosophy. One course in a three-term sequence designed to introduce new graduate students to current issues and methods of research.

PHIL 280. Seminar in Philosophical Problems (4) Seminar, 3 hours; outside research, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing or consent of instructor. Considers an important philosophical problem. Students who submit a term paper receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Course is repeatable.

PHIL 281. Philosophical Texts (1-4) Seminar, 1-3 hours; consultation, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. Involves focused reading and discussion of common text on research topics in philosophy. Students who submit a term paper receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Course is repeatable.

PHIL 282. Seminar in Individual Philosophers (4) Seminar, 3 hours; outside research, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing or consent of instructor. Considers a major figure in the history of philosophy. Students who submit a term paper receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Course is repeatable.

PHIL 283. Seminar in Contemporary Philosophy (4) Seminar, 3 hours; outside research, 3 hours. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing or consent of instructor. Covers an aspect of contemporary philosophy. Students who submit a term paper receive a letter grade; other students receive a Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC) grade. Course is repeatable.

PHIL 290. Directed Studies (1-6) Term paper, 3-18 hours. Prerequisite(s): consent of instructor and graduate advisor. Directed study to meet special curricular needs. Course is repeatable.

PHIL 291. Individual Studies in Coordinated Areas (2-4) Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A program of studies designed to advise and assist candidates who are preparing for the Comprehensive Examinations. Open to M.A. students only; does not count toward the unit requirement for the M.A. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

PHIL 292. Concurrent Analytical Studies in Philosophy (1-4) Prerequisite(s): consent of instructor. Each 292 course will be taken concurrently with some 100-series course, approved by the Graduate Advisor, but on an individual basis. It will be devoted to completion of a graduate paper based on research or criticism related to the 100-series course. Faculty guides and evaluations will be provided throughout the quarter. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). May be repeated for credit.

PHIL 297. Directed Research (1-6) Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

PHIL 299. Research for Thesis or Dissertation (1-12) Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

PROFESSIONAL COURSES

PHIL 301. Directed Studies in the Teaching of Philosophy (1) Seminar, 1 hour. Prerequisite(s): graduate standing. A program of orientation, lectures, and workshops designed to enhance the Teaching Assistant's understanding of teaching methods in philosophy and to provide opportunities to work closely with experts in college teaching in order to improve the quality of instruction. Required of all new Teaching Assistants. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). Course is repeatable.

PHIL 302. Teaching Practicum (1-4) Prerequisite(s): employment as Teaching Assistant or Associate. Supervised teaching in lower-division courses and LWSO 100. Required of all teaching assistants in philosophy. Does not count toward the unit requirement for the M.A. degree. Graded Satisfactory (S) or No Credit (NC). May be repeated for credit.